Caroline Ellen Furness, a pioneering American astronomer, made significant contributions to the field in the early twentieth century. After earning her Ph.D. in astronomy from Columbia University, she returned to her alma mater, Vassar College, where she collaborated with renowned astronomers and authored influential publications. Additionally, Furness advocated for women’s education and held important positions in women’s organizations. Her legacy as a dedicated scientist and advocate continues to inspire women in the field of science.

Virginia Louise Trimble, born in 1943, is an American astronomer known for her expertise in the structure and evolution of stars and galaxies, as well as the history of astronomy. With an impressive publication record that exceeds 600 works in Astrophysics and numerous other works in the history of various sciences, Trimble has made significant contributions to the field.

Nancy Grace Roman was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to stellar classification and motions. She is widely regarded as one of the key founders of the US civilian space program, serving as NASA’s first Chief of Astronomy during the 1960s and 1970s. Roman played a crucial role in establishing NASA’s space astronomy program and is often referred to as the “Mother of Hubble” due to her foundational work in planning the Hubble Space Telescope.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt revolutionized our understanding of the universe through her groundbreaking discoveries in astronomy. Her work on Cepheid variables and the period-luminosity relation allowed astronomers to estimate distances to other galaxies, expanding our knowledge of the vastness of the universe. Her legacy as a pioneer in astronomy lives on, inspiring future generations to explore the mysteries of the cosmos.

Margaret Harwood (1885-1979) was an American astronomer and the first director of the Maria Mitchell Observatory. She made significant contributions to the field of astronomy, focusing on photometry and studying the light variations of stars and asteroids. Harwood broke down gender barriers in the field and gained access to the Mount Wilson Observatory, becoming the first woman to use its 60-inch telescope. She faced societal prejudices but persevered, leaving a lasting legacy in astronomy and women’s history. She was honored with an asteroid named 7040 Harwood in her honor.

Lee Anne Willson (born 1947) is an American astronomer who has made significant contributions to the field of variable stars. From her early fascination with space to her groundbreaking research on Mira stars, Willson’s journey in astronomy has been marked by determination and a passion for understanding the cosmos.

Isabel Martin Lewis was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy. She was the first woman hired by the United States Naval Observatory as an assistant astronomer and her work played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the cosmos. Lewis’s dedication to science and her efforts to popularize astronomy have left a lasting impact on the field.

Martha Locke Hazen (1931-2006) was an influential American astronomer known for her contributions to the field, particularly her work as curator of the Harvard astronomical photographs collection and her research on variable stars. She played a crucial role in preserving and organizing the Harvard Plate Archives and was dedicated to advancing the status of women in academia. Hazen’s legacy extends beyond her achievements in astronomy and serves as an inspiration to aspiring scientists.

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming was a Scottish-American astronomer who overcame hardships to make significant contributions to the field of astronomy. Working at the Harvard College Observatory, she was appointed the head of the Henry Draper Catalogue project and developed a simplified system for star classification. Fleming’s work included cataloging thousands of stars, discovering the Horsehead Nebula, and advancing the field of astronomy for future generations. She received several awards for her achievements, breaking barriers for women in science.

Jill Cornell Tarter is an American astronomer known for her groundbreaking work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). She dedicated her career to unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos and exploring the possibility of life beyond Earth. Tarter’s passion for astronomy and her relentless pursuit of knowledge began at a young age, igniting her imagination and sparking her curiosity about what lies beyond our planet. Her unwavering dedication, commitment to scientific exploration, and advocacy for gender equality have left an indelible mark on both the scientific community and society.

Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy. She is best known as a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 and for her extensive work on comets and asteroids. Shoemaker’s career in astronomy began when she demonstrated exceptional stereoscopic vision, a valuable quality for observing objects in near-Earth space.

Maria Mitchell was an American astronomer, librarian, naturalist, and educator. She discovered a comet in 1847, known as “Miss Mitchell’s Comet,” and received a gold medal prize for her discovery. Mitchell was the first internationally known woman to work as a professional astronomer and a professor of astronomy. She was also a prominent advocate for women’s inclusion in scientific societies and careers in science. Mitchell’s contributions to the scientific community are widely honored and celebrated.

Anna Winlock (1857-1904) was a pioneering American astronomer and human computer who made significant contributions to astronomy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As one of the first members of “the Harvard Computers,” a group of female astronomers, she played a vital role in making groundbreaking discoveries. Winlock’s work included creating a catalog of stars near the poles and conducting studies on asteroids such as 433 Eros and 475 Ocllo. Despite facing numerous challenges, she persevered in her passion for astronomy, leaving behind a legacy of excellence.