Died: 1888
Biography:
Eagle Woman, also known as Wablí Ayútepiwi or Matilda Picotte Galpin, was a prominent Lakota activist, diplomat, trader, and translator. She played a crucial role in mediating conflicts between white settlers, the United States government, and the Sioux, making her a key figure in the history of Native American relations with the U.S. She is widely recognized as the only woman to be acknowledged as a chief among the Sioux.
Born in a Sioux lodge near the Missouri River, about 45 miles south of modern-day Pierre, South Dakota, Eagle Woman was the youngest of eight children. Her father, Chief Two Lance, belonged to the peace-seeking Two Kettles Tribe, while her mother, Rosy Light of Dawn, was a Hunkpapa. Her father’s leadership and the strong example he set greatly influenced Eagle Woman’s later leadership role.
During her childhood, Eagle Woman had little exposure to white culture or government. However, her life changed when she married Honoré Picotte, a Canadian fur trader, in 1838. Picotte held a prestigious position as a general agent in the Upper Missouri region, working for the American Fur Company at Fort Pierre. This marriage brought her into closer contact with the world of trading and diplomacy, shaping her future path as a mediator and advocate for her people.
Eagle Woman’s early years as a diplomat focused on promoting peace between the Sioux and the white settlers. She recognized the escalating conflicts and the need for dialogue. However, as the Sioux were forcibly relocated to reservations, her efforts shifted towards convincing her people to adapt to the new era and seek compromises with the U.S. government. Understanding the dire circumstances faced by the Sioux on barren reservation lands, Eagle Woman provided material support to her tribe to help them sustain themselves.
In 1868, Eagle Woman played a significant role in the party of leaders sent to sign the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, solidifying her position as a respected diplomat and advocate for her people. Despite her past successes, she opposed the Standing Rock treaty of 1876, recognizing that it threatened the rights and well-being of the Sioux.
Notably, Eagle Woman became the first woman to sign a treaty with the United States government in 1882. This extraordinary act further cemented her status as a trailblazer and advocate for Native American rights and sovereignty.
Throughout her life, Eagle Woman faced numerous challenges, including the encroachment of white settlers on Native lands during the Black Hills Gold Rush. Despite these difficulties, she triumphed in a local trade war when government officials attempted to shut down her trading post to establish a monopoly on the reservation. Her successful defense of her trading post demonstrated her shrewdness, resilience, and commitment to protecting the interests of her people.
Eagle Woman’s dedication to her community extended beyond diplomacy and trade. She and her daughter, Louise, organized the first day school at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, providing educational opportunities for Sioux children. This initiative exemplified her commitment to the future generations of her tribe.
In recognition of her significant contributions, Eagle Woman was selected by the U.S. government as part of a delegation to Washington, D.C. in 1872, showcasing her influence and standing in both Native American and government circles.
Eagle Woman continued to support and guide her people in adjusting to reservation life until her passing on December 18, 1888. Her legacy as a tireless advocate for Native American rights and her crucial role in mediating conflicts between cultures and governments remains an enduring part of her remarkable life.
Awards:
– Inducted into the South Dakota Hall of Fame in 2010.