Born: c. 1739 (Senegal or Ghana)
Died: June 29, 1804
Duchess Quamino (c. 1739 – June 29, 1804) was a formerly enslaved woman who became famous in colonial Rhode Island for her success as an independent caterer. Known as the Pastry Queen of Rhode Island, Duchess Quamino rose above her circumstances to become an influential figure in her community and an inspiration for future generations.
The early life of Duchess Quamino is somewhat shrouded in mystery. It is believed that she was born in either Senegal or Ghana, possibly in 1739. However, some sources have suggested the year 1753 as well. Quamino claimed to be the daughter of an African prince, which gave rise to her name Duchess (sometimes spelled Dutchess). Her regal bearing and majestic presence further reinforced this perception. Another name she went by was Charity, which may either have been her original name or a nickname. As a child, she was brought to Rhode Island on the slave ship Elizabeth and became the property of William and Lucy Channing, a prominent family in Newport, Rhode Island.
While in the service of the Channings, Duchess Quamino worked as a cook and a nanny. It was during this time that she converted to Christianity, becoming an active and devout member of Ezra Stiles’ congregation at the Second Congregational Church. Most white churches in the area required enslaved black attendees to occupy segregated areas hidden by screens, but Quamino was not concealed at Second Congregational. She was known as a pious individual, devoutly following her faith.
In 1769, Duchess Quamino married John Quamino, who was enslaved by Captain Benjamin Church in Newport. The couple had several children, including Charles, Violet, Katharine Church, and Cynthia. Tragically, three of their daughters died at young ages, with one dying at birth, another at 15, and Violet at the age of 18 in 1792. Although it is unclear whether Duchess and John lived together, their children resided with Quamino in the Channings’ household.
John Quamino won a lottery in 1773 and used the proceeds to purchase his freedom. He then enrolled at the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, to train as a missionary. During the American Revolutionary War, he temporarily abandoned his religious vocation to serve as a privateer, hoping to raise funds to emancipate his wife and two daughters. Sadly, he passed away in August 1779, leaving Duchess Quamino a widow at the age of 40.
By 1780, Duchess Quamino had gained her freedom and was no longer enslaved. While there is some debate about whether the Channings manumitted her or if she purchased her own freedom, what remains unquestioned is her determination and resilience in overcoming the obstacles she faced. Her success as an independent caterer was a testament to her skills and entrepreneurial spirit.
Duchess Quamino’s specialty was her frosted plum cake, which became highly regarded throughout colonial Rhode Island. Her culinary talents and business acumen earned her the title of the Pastry Queen of Rhode Island. Duchess Quamino catered to the elite of Newport society, preparing sumptuous feasts and delectable confections for various occasions. Her reputation grew, and she became a beloved figure in the community, admired for her artistry and dedication to her craft.
Duchess Quamino’s resilience and achievements broke barriers and shattered stereotypes. In a society where enslaved individuals were denied personal liberties, she leveraged her culinary skills to create a sense of agency and autonomy. Her success as an independent caterer challenged societal norms and inspired others to envision a future where African Americans could thrive and find fulfillment in their chosen professions.
While Duchess Quamino’s story is one of personal triumph, it also sheds light on the enduring legacy of enslaved women in American history. Her accomplishments, achieved against all odds, demonstrate the potential for marginalized individuals to rise above their circumstances and make significant contributions to society. Duchess Quamino’s journey from slavery to entrepreneurship reminds us of the integral role played by African American women in shaping our collective history.