Born: 1850 (New York City)
Died: 1911
Biography:
Charlotte E. Ray (January 13, 1850 – January 4, 1911) was an American lawyer who made history as the first black American female lawyer in the United States. Her trailblazing accomplishments paved the way for future generations of women of color to enter the legal profession. Ray’s journey was marked by determination, resilience, and the unwavering pursuit of justice.
Born in New York City to Charlotte Augusta Burroughs and Reverend Charles Bennett Ray, Charlotte E. Ray was raised in a household imbued with a strong sense of advocacy and equality. Her father, an influential figure in the abolitionist movement, was the editor of The Colored American newspaper. Ray grew up alongside her six siblings, including her sisters, Henrietta Cordelia and Florence. Education was highly valued in their home, and Reverend Ray ensured that each of his daughters pursued higher education.
Ray began her educational journey at the Institution for the Education of Colored Youth, now known as the University of the District of Columbia, in Washington, D.C. It was one of the few institutions where black women had access to a comprehensive education. In 1869, she graduated from the institution, equipped with the knowledge and determination to challenge the barriers that society had imposed upon her.
Following her graduation, Ray became a teacher at Howard University in the Normal and Preparatory Department. While teaching, she enrolled in the Law Department under the pseudonym C. E. Ray, disguising her gender to gain admission. Her exceptional intellect and dedication to her studies earned her the respect and admiration of her peers and professors. On February 27, 1872, Charlotte Ray solidified her place in history as the first woman to graduate from the Howard University School of Law, completing a rigorous three-year program notorious for its academic rigor.
Though it has been incorrectly suggested that Ray graduated Phi Beta Kappa, her alma mater did not establish its Phi Beta Kappa chapter until 1953. Nevertheless, her legal acumen was recognized by General O. O. Howard, the founder and first president of Howard University, who praised her for presenting a compelling thesis on corporations. Through her incisive analysis and original thinking, Ray showcased her exceptional legal mind, leaving an indelible impression on her colleagues.
Ray’s admission to practice law in the District of Columbia was a landmark achievement for women seeking entry into the legal profession. She became the first female admitted to the District of Columbia Bar and also became the first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Her admission served as a precedent for women in other states who aspired to join the bar.
Undeterred by the prevailing prejudices against African Americans and women, Ray opened her own law office and advertised her services in a newspaper run by the renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass. However, despite her talent and dedication, these societal barriers made it impossible for her practice to be sustainable. Ray faced insurmountable challenges in securing clients and being taken seriously in courtrooms. These unjust obstacles forced her to abandon her legal career after only a few years.
Following her departure from the legal profession, Ray relocated to New York, where she embarked on a new journey as a teacher in Brooklyn. She continued to champion the cause of women’s rights by becoming actively involved in the women’s suffrage movement. Ray joined the National Association of Colored Women, an organization dedicated to addressing the social, political, and economic issues affecting Black women.
Charlotte E. Ray’s legacy extends far beyond her groundbreaking achievements as a lawyer. Her courage and determination continue to inspire generations of women and minorities who pursue careers in law and fight for equality and justice. Through her unparalleled accomplishments, Ray set a precedent for future trailblazers and paved the way for more inclusive legal systems.