Born: 1921 (Detroit, Michigan)
Died: 2017
Biography:
Isabella Karle (December 2, 1921 – October 3, 2017) was an American chemist who made significant contributions to the field of crystallography. Her groundbreaking work in developing techniques to extract plutonium chloride from a mixture containing plutonium oxide played a crucial role in the advancement of scientific research.
Isabella Helen Lugoski was born on December 2, 1921, in Detroit, Michigan, to Polish immigrant parents. From an early age, she showed a natural aptitude for chemistry, which was nurtured by a female chemistry teacher. This mentor inspired her to pursue a career in the field, setting her on a path of scientific exploration.
Karle received a full scholarship to the University of Michigan, where she studied physical chemistry. She excelled in her studies and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree at the age of 19. She continued her education at the University of Michigan, earning both a Master of Science and Ph.D. in the field.
During her graduate studies, Karle crossed paths with her future husband and scientific collaborator, Jerome Karle. Under the guidance of Lawrence Brockway, they both pursued their Ph.D. studies and developed a strong bond. Their shared passion for scientific research would shape their careers and leave an indelible mark on the field of crystallography.
Karle’s contributions began during her involvement in the Manhattan Project, where she worked on developing techniques to extract plutonium chloride. This work was of utmost importance during World War II. She later joined the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) after the war and continued her groundbreaking research in crystallography.
At the NRL, Jerome Karle developed direct methods for analyzing the structure of crystals. Although initially met with skepticism in the crystallographic community, it was through Isabella Karle’s brilliance and determination that these methods were applied successfully. She developed a symbolic addition procedure that linked the theoretical direct method apparatus with actual X-ray diffraction data.
Karle’s contributions revolutionized the field of X-ray crystallography, enabling scientists to determine the structure of crystals accurately. The technique she developed played a significant role in the development of new pharmaceutical products and other synthesized materials, leading to remarkable advancements in various scientific and industrial sectors.
In 1985, Jerome Karle was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in developing direct methods for analyzing X-ray diffraction data. However, many members of the crystallography community, including Jerome Karle himself, believed that Isabella Karle should have shared the prize. Her crucial role in applying the methods and advancing the field was undeniable.
Throughout her career, Isabella Karle received numerous honors and awards. She was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 1978, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. In 1992, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society. She received the prestigious National Medal of Science in 1995 for her exceptional contributions to crystallography. Moreover, she was recognized with various awards and bestowed with eight honorary doctorates.
After a combined 127 years of service to the Naval Research Laboratory, Isabella Karle and her husband retired on July 31, 2009. They left behind a lasting legacy of scientific excellence and a wealth of knowledge that continues to shape the field of crystallography.
Isabella Karle’s immense contributions to crystallography, her groundbreaking research, and her unwavering dedication to scientific exploration have left an indelible mark on the scientific community. Her work continues to inspire future generations of chemists and her impact on women’s history is a testament to the power of determination and intellect.
Awards:
– Garvan-Olin Medal
– Gregori Aminoff Prize
– Bower Award
– National Medal of Science
– Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award (the Navy’s highest form of recognition to civilian employees)