Born: 1729 (Acomayo province, Cusco region)
Died: 1781 (Cusco)
Biography:
Tomasa Tito Condemayta Hurtado de Mendoza (1729 18 May 1781) was a prominent figure in the indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Tupac Amaru II in 18th century Peru. Born into an Inca noble family in what is now the Acomayo province in the Cusco region, Condemayta was the daughter of Sebastián Tito Condemayta, the kuraka of the Tito Condemayta ayllu, and Alfonsa Hurtado de Mendoza.
While there are conflicting reports about her domestic life, it is known that Condemayta held a position of power within her community. The Tito Condemayta ayllu, unlike many others in the region, embraced a hereditary rule. When her father passed away, she became the cacica (chief) of her people, making her the most influential ruler in the area.
In 1780, when Tupac Amaru II and his wife Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua called for a rebellion against Spanish rule, Condemayta left her husband and children to join the rebels in Tinta. Although her son-in-law, Evaristo Delgado, remained loyal to the Spanish throne, Condemayta played a crucial role in the uprising. As a military strategist and officer, she mobilized indigenous women, leading her own women’s battalion.
Condemayta’s wealth also played a significant role in supporting the rebellion. She provided silver and essential supplies, contributing to the rebels’ ability to sustain their fight. Under her command, a women’s army defeated a Spanish army in the Battle of Sangarara. She also successfully defended the bridge Pillpintuchaka on the Apurimac against approaching Spaniards. Thousands of women fought alongside her, using slingshots and arrows against heavily armored Spanish soldiers. With Condemayta at the helm, her troops held the Pilpinto pass for over a month.
However, in 1781, the tides turned in favor of the better-armed Spaniards. On April 7, Condemayta was captured, along with Tupac Amaru II, Bastidas Puyucahua, and their sons Hipólito and Fernando. After enduring severe torture, Condemayta, along with Tupac Amaru II, Bastidas Puyucahua, and their son Hipólito Condorcanqui Bastidas, was executed on May 18, 1781, in the main square of Cusco.
Condemayta’s role in the indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule was significant. As a powerful leader and military figure, she played a crucial role in mobilizing women and leading successful battles. Her bravery and contribution to the rebellion make her a notable figure in Peru’s history.