Born: 1583
Died: 1663
Biography:
Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba, also known as Njinga Ana de Sousa Mbande, was a prominent Southwest African ruler who reigned as queen of the Ambundu Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba. Born in approximately 1583 into the ruling family of Ndongo, Nzinga’s father, Ngola Kilombo Kia Kasenda, was the king of Ndongo.
From an early age, Nzinga received military and political training, which would shape her future as a formidable leader. Her sharp intellect and diplomatic acumen were evident when she served as an ambassador to the Portuguese Empire, effectively defusing political crises. It was during this time that she developed a keen understanding of the Portuguese intentions and encroachment on the African territories.
In 1624, following the death of her brother Mbandi, Nzinga assumed power over Ndongo. Her reign coincided with a period of rapid growth in the African slave trade and increasing Portuguese influence in South West Africa. The Portuguese declared war on Ndongo in 1626, and by 1628, Nzinga’s army had been significantly weakened, forcing her into exile.
Determined to regain her kingdom, Nzinga sought alliances with various regional powers. She strategically married Imbangala warlord Kasanje, which enabled her to rebuild her forces. Using the strength of this new alliance, she successfully conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Matamba between 1631 and 1635.
In 1641, Nzinga formed a crucial alliance with the Dutch West India Company, which had captured the city of Luanda, previously under Portuguese control. This alliance allowed her to reclaim large portions of Ndongo between 1641 and 1644, and together with the Dutch, they defeated the Portuguese in several battles. However, they were unable to seize the Fortress of Massangano.
The Portuguese recaptured Luanda in 1648, leading to the Dutch leaving Angola. Nzinga, undeterred, continued her resistance against the Portuguese until a peace treaty was signed in 1656, finally recognizing Ndongo’s sovereignty.
Throughout history, Nzinga has been increasingly recognized as a significant historical figure in Angola and the wider Atlantic Creole culture. She is remembered for her intelligence, political and diplomatic wisdom, and military tactics. Nzinga’s resilience and refusal to surrender in the face of Portuguese colonization have become symbols of her legacy.
Awards:
– Although there are no official awards or recognitions recorded for Nzinga, her legacy as a brave and resilient leader has garnered admiration and reverence among the people of Angola and beyond. Her contribution to the history of women in leadership and her unwavering determination to protect her people’s rights and sovereignty make her a revered figure in African history today.