Born: c. 1820 (Faizabad, Oudh State)
Died: 7 April 1879
Biography:
Begum Hazrat Mahal (c. 1820 – 7 April 1879), also known as the Begum of Awadh, played a pivotal role in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. As the regent of Awadh from 1857 to 1858, she displayed immense courage and leadership, becoming a significant figure in the annals of women’s history in India.
Born in 1820 in Faizabad, the former capital of the Oudh State, Begum Hazrat Mahal’s birth name was Mohammadi Khanum. Sadly, she was sold by her parents and forced into the profession of a tawaif. However, she entered the royal harem as a Khawasin after being sold to Royal agents, and her intelligence and charm quickly earned her promotions. Eventually, she became a pari, known as Mahek Pari.[citation needed] Her fate took a dramatic turn when she became a royal concubine of the King of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, and was bestowed the title ‘Hazrat Mahal’ after giving birth to their son, Birjis Qadr.
In 1856, the British annexed Awadh, and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Calcutta. Begum Hazrat Mahal, however, chose to stay in Lucknow with her son. When the Indian Rebellion of 1857 erupted, she seized the opportunity to take charge of the rebel state of Awadh and led a band of supporters against the British East India Company. Her strength and determination propelled her to become the guardian of her minor son, Prince Birjis Qadr, whom she declared as the ruler (Wali) of Awadh.
As the regent, Begum Hazrat Mahal spearheaded the rebellion against the British, rallying support and instilling a spirit of resistance in her followers. She became a symbol of hope and defiance, inspiring countless others to join the cause. One of her primary grievances was the British’s wanton destruction of temples and mosques to construct roads. In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she vehemently criticized the British claim of allowing freedom of worship, highlighting the hypocrisy of their actions.
Despite facing numerous challenges, including a lack of resources and external support, Begum Hazrat Mahal’s leadership proved instrumental in the rebellion’s initial success. However, the tide eventually turned against the rebels, and she was forced to abandon her regent role after a short but impactful reign. With no other options left, she sought asylum in Nepal through Hallaur, where she lived out the remainder of her life.
Begum Hazrat Mahal’s role in the rebellion has cemented her status as an iconic figure in post-colonial Indian history. Her unwavering determination, courage, and resilience have made her a symbol of resistance against British oppression. Through her actions, she not only fought for the rights and dignity of her people but also challenged societal norms and expectations placed on women during that time. Begum Hazrat Mahal’s enduring legacy continues to inspire generations of women to strive for equality and justice.